Hey everyone! Although I'm sure everyone's ability to understand the unit of Statistics is very strong, I'm here to sum up what we've learned throughout our last unit together just as a reminder for those of you who don't know how to do something, statistically! (Get it? Ha, okay....Let's get started!)



First off, we learned how to do Broken Line Graphing (Broken Line Graphs use points to show information and connect points with lines. Line graphs display continuous data using two axes which are the X and Y, but they can be used to describe individually separate data that represents an average for something you're trying to find information on).

To identify what an independent and dependent variable is and means, view Angela's post underneath this post to refresh your mind! (But remember that the independent variable is always on the X axis and the dependent variable is always on the Y axis).

So for line graphing, you're going to have to follow these 5 steps before creating one:
1. Identify which variable is independent and dependent.
    It's important to know which one is which so you're able to label the data for your graph correctly:
    EX: Graphing the thickness of the ice on Lake Winnipeg compared to the month of the year, the thickness of the ice is the dependent variable (Y axis) and the month of the year is the independent variable (X axis).

2. Find the range of the data between both variables. 
    You need to find out the maximum and minimum given data to include along on each axis:
     EX: The given data: October - 0cm, November - 10cm, December - 30cm, Januaury - 75cm, February - 75cm, March - 55cm, April - 28cm, May - 6cm, June - 0cm.
(The thickness goes from 0 to 75cm; The months go from October to June).

3. Draw and label the axes of the graph.
    You need to draw the graph before adding points so that you can make sure that the scale is correct and your labelling is in the proper spots. Make sure the scale is even to give an accurate illustration of the data.

4. Insert the points onto the graph.
    Although trickier than drawing and labelling the information onto a bar graph or histogram, make sure your points line up with the values on the vertical and horizontal axes. Find where to start off from the independent variable axis and make your way up towards the dependent variable axis to finish plotting your data points.

5. Connect the points using straight lines.
    Use a ruler or a straight lined-edge to connect each point with each other.
*If you need a visual representation with how to do a broken line graph, watch this video here(The only difference is that it uses completely different information than the examples shown above).
*Or!!! Check out the examples we did in class with Mr. P!

The next topic we learned was the basic Bar Graph, which I'm sure we all learned back in elementary when we would graph our snacks in class. But basically, bar graphs are graphs that use vertical or horizontal lines to represent individually separate (discrete) data.

1. Make sure your data is sort into categories. 
    EX: Phys Ed - 179 students, Music - 109 students, English - 65 students, French - 51 students, Science - 47 students, Art - 28 students,  Math - 14 students.

2. Figure out the maximum sorted out data.
     This will be helpful so you know how large to make your graph, as well as you know how much the largest bar will be.
    EX: Maximum: Phys Ed - 179 students.

3. Determine the scale of the quantitative axis (X axis). 
    So your bar graph is drawn accurately, you need to have a reasonable number of equal increments labelled so you don't have too much or too little.

4. Draw and label your axes. 
    Draw your vertical and horizontal axes. The quantitative (X axis) always starts at zero and extend slightly pass the maximum in step 2. Also, don't forget to title your graph and title your vertical and horizontal axes as well.

5. Draw the bars so that the end approximately in line with the correct value on the quantitative axis. 
    It's important that the bars are as close as possible to the correct value along the quantitative axis so that anyone who looks at the graph will be able to read it, as well as identify the given data. It will also give an accurate visual representation to demonstrate the comparison between each category.
*Also, this is exactly the same way you would create a double-bar graph, except with two bars per category on the quantitative axis (X axis). But remember to create a legend to display which bar is for which!
*If you need a visual representation of how to create a bar graph, watch this video below!

The next type of graph we were exposed to were Histograms! They're usually used in science, where they represent experiments that have been repeated several times with range of results. Range is the difference between minimum and maximum values. 

Just like bar graphs, histograms also use quantitative and qualitative axes. The vertical axis displays the frequency, which shows how often something happens. This horizontal axis displays the range of data. Histograms usually look like bar graphs, but without the gaps in between because they show continuous data, unlike bar graphs where you can receive either continuous or discrete, as well as broken line graphs. 

1. Just like a bar graph, sort the data into categories from the least to the most.
    For graphing students' marks on a test, the marks can range from 0% to 100%, but it doesn't necessarily mean someone got a 0% or a 100%. It's just what someone's able to receive as a mark. Also! You don't need to divide the information equally across the range axis (X axis), because 0% to 49% is for the F category, so you can visualize that the other categories would be somewhat smaller. 

2. Find the maximum frequency.
    By finding out how high the tallest bar has to go up to, you can determine the range of frequency that you need to include on the graph. 

3. Draw and label your vertical and horizontal axes.
    Before you even begin to draw the bars onto the graph for your given information, you need to have the axes drawn and labelled. 

4. Draw the bars for the graph. 

     Be sure to draw the bars as precise and close to each other as possible to the point where they're touching so they're as close to the actual value as possible in relation to the value on the axis

*If you require a visual representation, view the video below! (Skip to 2:42 to get to the actual graphing)

Lastly, we were taught how to do Circle Graphs! It represents different categories as parts of a circle, somewhat similar to slices of a pizza. Each 'slice' is labelled as a percentage, which reflects how much of the circle the 'slice' takes up, in comparison to the whole thing, which is 100%.

*I found a great video that does all the precise explaining on how to create a circle graph exactly how we did it during class!

I really hope this helped all of you for your statistics test tomorrow, as well as for our exam on Thursday, January 30th at 9 to 11AM in the gym. If you have any questions because anything on this post was not clear enough for you, please do not hesitate to ask Mr. P as he is there to help you with any questions you may have! Study hard and best of luck to all of us that day!!!!